Matthew 16:1-28

What is the theme of this chapter?

Attack by the Pharisees and Sadducees, and the pedagogy of the King.

What is the key verse(s) of this chapter? Verse 16

Simon Peter replied, “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.”

What can I apply to my life from this chapter (things to do/avoid)?

Matthew 16:24-28

Then Jesus told his disciples, “If anyone would come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me. For whoever would save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for my sake will find it. For what will it profit a man if he gains the whole world and forfeits his soul? Or what shall a man give in return for his soul? For the Son of Man is going to come with his angels in the glory of his Father, and then he will repay each person according to what he has done. Truly, I say to you, there are some standing here who will not taste death until they see the Son of Man coming in his kingdom.”

"In verses 24-26, the Lord is telling His disciples that they have a choice. They can listen to Him and place their faith in Him and do what He tells them is necessary. If they do so, they may suffer in this life but they will be rewarded with eternal life. Or they can listen to the Pharisees and others in the world who insist that each man can determine for himself what is necessary for salvation. If they do so, they may gain in this life, but they will lose in eternity. This is a truth that transcends dispensations. Throughout the history of man, salvation has come by placing faith in whatever God said to people at that point in time. But at the same time — for us, it is faith alone in what Christ accomplished on the cross. It is just as wrong to place our faith in what what necessary in other dispensations as it is to reject God’s Word entirely."

repay each person according to what he has done - Psalm 62:12; Proverbs 24:12

Verse 28 is not saying that the kingdom will come while members of the Lord’s audience were still alive. It is saying that some of them would see the Transfiguration (Matthew 17:1-8), when Jesus appeared in His majesty. This was a taste of what it will be like at His second coming when He returns in glory. Peter refers to this event in his second epistle. It could also refer to "the taste" of "the powers of the age to come" they experiences at Pentecost.

For we did not follow cunningly devised fables when we made known to you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but were eyewitnesses of His majesty. For He received from God the Father honor and glory when such a voice came to Him from the Excellent Glory: “This is My beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased.” And we heard this voice which came from heaven when we were with Him on the holy mountain. And so we have the prophetic word confirmed, which you do well to heed as a light that shines in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts (2 Pet 1:16-19).

For it is impossible, in the case of those who have once been enlightened, who have tasted the heavenly gift, and have shared in the Holy Spirit, and have tasted the goodness of the word of God and the powers of the age to come, and then have fallen away, to restore them again to repentance, since they are crucifying once again the Son of God to their own harm and holding him up to contempt (Heb 6:4-6).

Matthew 16:21-23

From that time Jesus began to show his disciples that he must go to Jerusalem and suffer many things from the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and on the third day be raised. And Peter took him aside and began to rebuke him, saying, “Far be it from you, Lord! This shall never happen to you.” But he turned and said to Peter, “Get behind me, Satan! You are a hindrance to me. For you are not setting your mind on the things of God, but on the things of man.”

elders - religious leaders, probably the Sanhedrin

vs 21 - "This is Matthew's first prediction of the Passion (see also Matt 17:22; 20:18).  Notice the number of specific details in this prediction." (Ryrie)

rebuke = reprove, censure, strongly warn against. Peter probably felt authorized to speak this way in light of the Lord’s words to him in vs.18-19.

Far be it from You = probably “Have mercy on Yourself.”

he turned - away? turned His back?

Satan - This was another temptation to avoid the cross like the ones’s Satan used in the wilderness.

"Christ’s reply to Peter was even stronger than Peter’s remonstrance: “Out of my sight, Satan!” (v.23). By addressing Peter as Satan, He was not inferring that Peter was unsaved. Peter had previously confessed his unswerving faith in the person and work of Christ. But Peter had expressed Satan’s purpose; to prevent Christ from going to the cross to become a sacrifice for the sin of the world. Satan had tried several times previously to bring about Christ’s premature death. Satan had used Herod’s slaughter of the children in Bethlehem, the violence of mobs that sought to kill Christ, and the raging storms on the seas. Thus far Satan had not been able to accomplish his purpose. Now Satan was working through one close to the Lord. In his temptation of Christ, Satan had offered Christ a throne without a cross, asking that he worship him. Christ rejected this offer. Now Peter had acknowledged that Jesus was the Messiah; in Peter’s mind there was no reason why He should not exert His messianic authority and mount Messiah’s throne immediately. The death of Christ did not seem necessary to Peter. Peter seems to have be oblivious to the fact that, according to prophetic Scripture. Messiah must not only reign but by His death He must also provide for the redemption of sinners. For this reason Christ said to him, “You do not have in mind the things of God, but the things of men” (Matthew 16:23)." (Pentecost)

"Peter is sharply rebuked for aligning himself with Satan's plan to deter Jesus from fulfilling His mission.  The harshness of the rebuke stems from Christ's fierce realism about the principal purpose of His coming to earth, which was to die." (Ryrie)

hindrance = trap, snare — "'Rock of offence' (Rom 9:33).  Perhaps a further play on the word 'rock' in verse 18." (Ryrie)

mind on - The same term is used in Romans 8:5 and Philippians 2:5.

Matthew 16:18-20

And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.” Then he strictly charged the disciples to tell no one that he was the Christ.

Peter = petros — small stone, one that could be thrown

rock = petra — immovable mass of rock

"Remember, He was talking to Hebrews. If we trace the figurative use of the word rock through the Hebrew Scriptures, we find that it is never used symbolically of man, but always of God. So here at Caesarea Philippi." (Morgan)

church = a chosen or called-out assembly — not referring to the Body of Christ but to believing Israel

"The word ecclesia was a very familiar word in our Lord’s time, and it had a Hebrew and a Greek use.The Hebrews spoke of the ecclesia. They had two words very much alike in their intention, and yet separated in use — synagogue, and ecclesia. They marked the facts in which the Hebrew people were different from other nations. Synagogue meant the assembling together of God’s people in worship. Jesus did not say, My synagogue. He said, My ecclesia. The Hebrew use of the word ecclesia marked the Hebrew people as a selected people, as a Theocracy. That was the great thought in the word, a God-governed people, not governed by policy or by human kings. That was the underlying thought in the Hebrew mind. Ecclesia was also in common use in Greek cities at the time. In one of the later chapters of the book of Acts we find that the whole ecclesia came together to discuss their affairs. It does not mean the Church of God. It was the town meeting, an assemblage of free men." (Morgan)

gates of Hades - power of death, referring to the resurrection

"The entrance into Hades, which is physical death; i.e., the physical death of Christ (mentioned immediately in v. 21) will not impede the progress of the church simply because He would be raised from the dead." (Ryrie)

I will build - Based on the tense, this could be translated "I shall continue to build" 

whatever you bind - Given to all the apostles in Matthew 18:18.

keys of the kingdom - Perhaps referring to the fact that it was Peter who first offered the kingdom in Acts 2:14-40 — to Israel only.

"The key was a badge of authority, for the servant who had the key to his mater’s storehouse had authority over all the goods that were in the storehouse. Authority was here conferred on Peter and the rest of the Twelve to administer in His name, to proclaim His truth, to declare salvation to people, and to assure those who believe that they are recipients of eternal life. It was not the declaration of the apostles that established the fact. This is made clear by a literal rendering of the words of Christ: “Whatever you bind on earth shall be that which has already been bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be that which has already been loosed in heaven.” This rendering reveals that it is God who frees from an obligation or imposes and obligation on people. But the apostles could make an authoritative declaration as Christ’s representatives as to the true state of affairs because of response to their preaching." (Pentecost)

bind - used in Jewish legal terminology to mean "declare forbidden"

loose - used in Jewish legal terminology to mean "declare allowed"

"These phrases were perfectly familiar to the Jew, we find them in the literature of the time. They said, Shammai binds this, but Hillel looses; which simply meant, Shammai makes this obligatory, but Hillel leaves it optional. Binding simply meant an authoritative declaration concerning what must be done, or what must not be done. Loosing meant permission given to men to do or not to do. It was purely and simply a Hebrew method of describing ethical authority." (Morgan)

"The Hebrew prophets were said to do what they were commissioned to announce (Jeremiah 1:10). Simon Peter was a Hebrew prophet, and so similar language was addressed to him (v.19); and his companions being Hebrew prophets a corresponding commission was given to them (Matthew 18:18); and all the disciples, including women, becoming thereby Hebrew prophets, the commission was enlarged to include them all (John 20:21-23)." (Williams)

"Heaven, not the apostles, initiates all binding and loosing, whereas the apostles announce these things.  In John 20:22-23 sins are in view; here, things (i.e., practices).  An example of the apostles' binding practices on people is found in Acts 15:20." (Ryrie)

tell no one - "...because the leaders had rejected Him and He did not want to foster revolution against Rome." (Ryrie)

"That this isn’t referring to the Body of Christ can be further seen by the fact that after Acts 2, we only hear of Peter and John (and the death of James) and that even they confined their ministry to Jews (Galatians 2:9).

So what was the Lord saying here? This is my understanding — Peter had just proclaimed Jesus to be the Christ, the Son of the Living God (v.16). The Lord responded by calling Peter blessed because He has gained this understanding from God.

He then goes on with a play on words. Peter is a small stone, but on the massive rock of Christ and who He is and what He was about to do as Messiah, He would establish the assembly of believing Jews that would enter the kingdom. Not even His death, which He begins to speak of in the very next verses, can stop His purpose. The apostles will be His spokesmen of this message and will announce it and explain it (as Peter himself did at Pentecost — AND they will be sitting on the twelve thrones over Israel during the kingdom— Matthew 19:28).

There is nothing here, including the use of the word “church,” that indicates anything other than the Jewish kingdom."

Matthew 16:13-17

Now when Jesus came into the district of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, “Who do people say that the Son of Man is?” And they said, “Some say John the Baptist, others say Elijah, and others Jeremiah or one of the prophets.” He said to them, “But who do you say that I am?” Simon Peter replied, “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.” And Jesus answered him, “Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jonah! For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my Father who is in heaven.

This account also appears in Mark 8:27-30 and Luke 9:18-21.

Caesarea Philippi - a town in the northwest corner of Galilee, near the source of the Jordan River

"This Caesarea was in Herod Philip's territory, about 25 mi (40 km) N of the Sea of Galilee." (Ryrie)

It was clear to everyone that Jesus was someone out of the ordinary, someone who had to be explained supernaturally.

John the Baptist - Herod thought this was who Christ was (Matthew 14:2)

Elijah - his coming is prophesied in Malachi 4:5

Jeremiah - he is sometimes thought to be the prophet in Deuteronomy 18:15. Some thought Jeremiah 11:19 pointed at that prophet as the fulfillment of Isaiah 53:7.

"Some must have seen resemblances between Christ's teachings and those of these great prophets." (Ryrie)

"Peter was a Hebrew, a child of the Hebrew race. He was born in its midst, and had been nurtured upon its thinking. Every fiber of his personality was affected by its conceptions, and it was as a Hebrew that he said to the Man who styled Himself “the Son of Man,” “Thou are the Christ,” the Messiah. That is, Thou are the fulfiller of all the expectations of the Hebrew people, the One by whom our hopes are to be realized, the One by in whom the economy culminates, the One from whom there is to break the dawn of a new day and a new era … Peter’s confession was a very definite one, and yet one that recognized his consciousness of the mystic element in this Man, beyond the things the age had seen. The age had caught the comprehensiveness of the prophetic note. The age had recognized more — the supernaturalness of this Teacher. Peter, recognizing all this, defined it, and went beyond the age, and said; “Thou are the Messiah;” more than John the forerunner, more than Elijah the foreteller, more than Jeremiah the watcher and the one who waited; Thou art the One toward whom they all looked. There is manifested in all Thy doing, and in all Thy teaching something that differentiates Thee from all other teachers and men. Son of Man, but Son of the living God, the Messiah." ( Morgan)

Blessed are you - "...because he had received this insight through divine revelation and not through human influences." (Ryrie)

Matthew 16:5-12

When the disciples reached the other side, they had forgotten to bring any bread. Jesus said to them, “Watch and beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and Sadducees.” And they began discussing it among themselves, saying, “We brought no bread.” But Jesus, aware of this, said, “O you of little faith, why are you discussing among yourselves the fact that you have no bread? Do you not yet perceive? Do you not remember the five loaves for the five thousand, and how many baskets you gathered? Or the seven loaves for the four thousand, and how many baskets you gathered? How is it that you fail to understand that I did not speak about bread? Beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and Sadducees.” Then they understood that he did not tell them to beware of the leaven of bread, but of the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees.

watch - lit. “stare at it” — discern

beware - lit. “hold yourself against it”

leaven - throughout Scripture, a symbol of permeating evil

O you of little faith - "Compare 'great is thy faith' (Matt 15:28). The heathen woman, who only met Christ once, understood His figurative language and said: 'I am a dog.' The disciples, after two years teaching, failed to understand the figurative word 'leaven.' Her faith was consequently great and theirs was little." (Williams)

discussing among yourselves - "Arguing over the fact that they had no bread and showing their lack of faith to remember how He had multiplied loaves and fish before." (Ryrie)

remember - "On two occasions, the Lord had provided bread for large numbers of people, with much left over. The disciples had witnessed this and should have remembered that they had no reason to worry about physical bread in His presence. They were concerned with material things and relying on their own reasoning. This is why the Lord rebuked them. The leaven of the Pharisees is explained in Luke 12:1 as hypocrisy. With this was coupled self-righteousness. The leaven of the Sadducees was false doctrine: they denied the authority of all the Old Testament except the books of Moses, and they did not believe in spiritual realities. Such evil teachings work like leaven, spreading throughout any company beginning to tolerate them; hence the warning of the Lord to beware of them." (Ironside)

Matthew 16:1-4

And the Pharisees and Sadducees came, and to test him they asked him to show them a sign from heaven. He answered them, “When it is evening, you say, ‘It will be fair weather, for the sky is red.’ And in the morning, ‘It will be stormy today, for the sky is red and threatening.’ You know how to interpret the appearance of the sky, but you cannot interpret the signs of the times. An evil and adulterous generation seeks for a sign, but no sign will be given to it except the sign of Jonah.” So he left them and departed.

Pharisees and Sadducees - "It must have been startling to those who knew them to see these men together at all, and together on a matter of religious principle, and on a mission to a religious teacher. The Pharisees were the traditionalists of their day. They believed in God, they believed in the work of the Holy Spirit. They believed in the essential purity and holiness of God. They believed in the fundamental things. They believed in angels; they believed in resurrection; they held all the spiritual verities; but they hid them from the people whom they were supposed to teach and lead … under the grave-clothes of ritualism and tradition. The Sadducees were the rationalists of their day. They did not believe in spirits, they did not believe in angels, they did not believe in resurrection. They denied all supernatural elements in religion. They made religion a mere ethical code. The Pharisee had no dealings with the Sadducee; the Sadducee looked with supreme contempt on the Pharisee. The Sadducees had left Jesus alone up to this point. Men absolutely divided as between themselves were united on this occasion … The Pharisees would say, This thing can be, there can be signs out of heaven, but He cannot produce them; therefore let us ask Him to do it. The Sadducees would say, There could be no sign out of heaven, so you are safe in asking Him to do it. We have two opposing ideas, but united in their opposition to Him. And so in a common hostility to Him, a common desire to see His defeat, these men came to Him. Jesus Christ did not say these men were wrong. They came to criticize Him, but they went away criticized; they came to measure Him, but they went away measured." (Morgan)

test him - they did not believe He could do what they asked
adulterous generation...sign of Jonah - adulterous = faithless, treacherous

"The nation was unfaithful in its vows to the Lord.  Here and in Luke 11:29-32 the sign is the warning of judgment to come (cf. Jonah 1:2; 3:4).  In Matthew 12:39 the sign is related to the death and resurrection of the Son of Man." (Ryrie)

"Being familiar with the prophets they knew that certain signs had been indicated therein which were to take place before the manifestation of the Messiah; so they came to Jesus, without any desire to know the truth, but simply as tempting or testing Him, asking that He show them a sign from heaven. They meant a sign indicating that the Messianic age was a hand. Jesus rebuked them for their unbelief. They were quite able to read the signs of the heavens in regard to matters of weather or climatic conditions, but they were absolutely unable to discern the signs of the times. Had their eyes been opened they would have realized that all the miraculous works of Jesus were in themselves the signs of the age to come and told of the presence of the King. Messiah was in their midst. No other sign would be given to them until the sign of the prophet Jonah." (Ironside)